Article 21

A person in India can generally represent themselves in court without hiring a lawyer, commonly known as appearing party-in-person. However, self-representation requires understanding court procedures, filing requirements, limitation periods, evidence rules, drafting, and oral arguments. While straightforward matters may sometimes be handled independently, complex civil, criminal, commercial, or constitutional cases can involve significant procedural and legal challenges. A party choosing to appear personally must still comply with the same applicable laws, court rules, deadlines, and procedural requirements.